Make your Windows PC faster......

We all are sometimes tired of the sluggish performance of our Windows PC. Our own PC becomes a a necessary evil.Do not worry, there are lot of ways to tune your PC,for delivering best performance.
 Here I present some ways to make PC start and run faster.

Hubs, Switches & Routers..the basic differences

In Networking, Hubs ,switches and routers are the very basic and important devices.I have tabulated the basic differences among them, without going into much details.

“How to type the language you speak”

Can you type in English? If your answer is yes, you can type in the script of Hindi (Devanagari), Bengali or any Indian language. I will explain in easy steps and show certain snapshots of my computer screen for better and clear understanding.

OSI & TCP-IP, Part-2

The OSI &  the TCPIP
    First of all we must understand that internet works with packet switching technology, where the information is broken down into packets. Each packet will then trace any path to the destination. Along the path from the source to the destination, it will come across many nodes. The nodes may be any network device but it must understand the language of the layered structured model (TCPIP in the case of internet).
    At every node, each layer of the protocol suite will do some exercise on the packet, as per the requirement. I mean to say that, the layers will impose some rules on the packet, to make it actually deliverable over the network.
  As OSI is the most logical standard, it will be discussed first and then it will be seen how 4 layers TCP-IP fits into this 7 layers OSI model. OSI or TCPIP is not a single protocol but a collection of many protocols at different layers. They have been developed over years and still improving as per the need of the modern networking community.
We should be kept informed that all the developments in internet have been contributed by users only and the good thing is that anybody can do that!  ( thanks to IETF )
The OSI model has got 7-layers as depicted below. The counting is from the lowest layer. So Physical layer is 1st layer, Data-link is 2nd, Network is the 3rd and so-on. We shall try to understand one by one.

OSI & TCP-IP, Part-1

      I have already mentioned that TCP-IP is the protocol based on which Internet works. TCP-IP is not a single protocol, but a collection of many standard protocols, and therefore called TCP-IP protocol suite. The term TCP-IP was coined from the most important protocols in the suite the “Transmission Control Protocol” & the “Internet protocol”. It was developed (and still developing) and implemented in the late 1970’s. OSI or Open system Interconnection was proposed in 1978 by ISO (International Standard Organization, which is a 7-layered reference model. Now, let me try to explain the similarities and differences between the two, which can be summarized in following points:-

 1) TCP-IP was born first (in late1970’s) and then the OSI (in1978).

2) Both the protocols explain about how two computers or networks should communicate in a logical way.

 3) Both the protocol has got layered structure. OSI has 7 layers and TCP-IP has 4.

 4) Though OSI is a more logical way of carrying out the layering, TCP-IP is the accepted protocol for the working of Internet. Actually, the point is that when OSI was proposed in 1978, Internet was already working fine with TCP-IP, and it became baseless to disturb the already functional and useful application i.e. Internet.